1)      Window _______ is the digital process for manipulating contrast.

2)      T or F: High contrast relates to having many different shades of grey on a film.

3)      One determining factor of high contrast is a result of ________ KvP.

4)      T or F: Looking at a D log E curve, a steeper slope means there is a long scale contrast.

5)      _________ is the controlling factor for contrast.

6)      Film processing can effect contrast, if you have increased time, temperature, or chemical concentration you will have increased fog and _________ contrast.

7)      The thickness of the body part being x-rayed also influences the contrast of an image.  When thickness increases scatter increases and contrast ________.

8)      To get a visible change in contrast you must change your KvP by ________%.

9)      What is the difference between a screen film D Log E Curve and a digital?

10)   What is the purpose of contrast on a radiographic film?

Answers

1)      Width

2)      False, Low contrast

3)      Low

4)      False, Short Scale

5)      KvP

6)      Decreased

7)      Decreases

8)      4-12%

9)      A curve on a screen film has the 5 stages of the curve, a digital curve is just a straight line

10)   To see different structures within the radiograph

1)      What is the controlling factor for density?

2)      T or F:  When compared to a slow RS a higher RS film will produce a more dense image AND will have a better resolution.

3)      Which law states that density should remain the same with any combination of mA and time as long as your mAs is the same?

4)      What percentage of change in mA will be needed to have a visible difference in density?

5)      T or F: A 5% increase in KvP will cause a visible difference in density.

6)      SID and beam intensity have a _______ relationship.

7)      Film density will _______ as filtration is increased.

8)      T or F:  Grids have no Effect on density.

9)      As tissue thickness and type increase density will _______

10)   Will increasing collimation increase or decrease the total number of x-ray photons hitting the IR?

11)   Window _______ describes the digital process for controlling density/brightness.

Answers

1)      mAs

2)      First part True, Second part false

3)      The Law of reciprocity

4)      30%

5)      True

6)      Inverse

7)      Decrease

8)      False

9)      Decrease

10)   Decrease

11)   Leveling

1)      T or F: In all instances reduced magnification increases the resolution of recorded detail.

2)      _________ is a misrepresentation in size or shape of the part being imaged.

3)      What are the two influencing factors in size distortion?

4)      Size distortion can be calculated with the formula M=SID/SOD.  What percentage change would there be with an SID of 72 inches and an OID of 6 inches?

5)      After you have the magnification factor and the image size you can figure the actual object size using O=I/M.  If an image measured 10” and had the magnification factor of the problem above what would be the actual object size?

6)      Changes in the tube angle cause what type of shape distortion?

7)      T or F:  Improper tube centering has no effect on shape distortion.

Answers

1)      True

2)      Distortion

3)      SID, OID

4)      9% or 1.09 increase

5)      9.17”

6)      Elongation

7)      False, tube centering plays a huge roll in how the body part is represented

1)      List the four steps of automatic processing.

2)      T or F: The primary agents of the developer are the clearing agents.

3)      _____ ______ is the term when agents cause unexposed silver halide crystals to be reduced.

4)      Phindone and hydroquinone are the two reducing agents in the developer, they have great synergy and super additivity.  What does super additivity mean?

5)      The activator in the developer produces an alkaline (basic) pH and also does what to the gelatin to make it more permeable?

6)      Restrainer (potassium bromide) is added to the developer to do what?

7)      What are the fixing tanks two primary purposes?

8)      T or F: Clearing agents remove unexposed silver halide crystals.

9)      T or F: The fixing tank has an acidic pH (4.0-4.5) AND neutralizes any remaining reducing agents.

10)   What step will cause films to become yellow and crack with age if skipped in the processing cycle?

11)   ______  ______ move film from one tank to the next while ______  ______ move the film up and down within the tank.

12)   T or F: Film orientation does not matter when putting a film through the processor.

13)   _______ _______ is added to the developer tanks when starting a fresh tank.

14)   Optimum temps for developer tanks are ________

15)   T or F: Fixer is less valuable after processing than before.

Answers

1)      Developing, fixing, washing, drying

2)      False, reducing agents

3)      Chemical Fog

4)      The effect of them together is greater than the effect of the sum of their abilities apart

5)      Swells the gelatin

6)      Reduce the strength of reducing agents so they do not develop unexposed silver halide crystals

7)      Stop the reduction processes of silver halide crystals, and remove unexposed silver halide crystals

8)      True

9)      True

10)   Washing

11)   Crossover Networks, Transport Racks

12)   False, the replenishment system relies on films always being inserted the same way to maintain balance.

13)   Potassium Bromide

14)   92-96 degrees F

15)   False, because of silver build up that is washed off films it is actually more valuable.

1)      List the layers of the film from top to bottom.

2)      T or F:  Modern bases of film are made with cellulose nitrate

3)      The film base usually includes ______  _____ to reduce eye strain for the interpreting radiogologist.

4)      ______  _______  Is the light from one screen crossing over to the other blurring the image.

5)      The emulsion layer has two components what are they?

6)      T or F: Duplitized film is another name for double emulsion film.

7)      The hidden, dormant image before processing is called ______ the image after processing is called ______.

8)      In film, crystal size has a _____ relationship with resolution.

9)      Films are classified as ______ or ______ according to their sensitivity to the spectral luminance.

10)   How many trapped silver atoms must be deposited for a visible clump of black silver to be formed when processed?

11)   What is the charge of a freed silver ion?

12)   T or F: Non-screen film has a better resolution than screen film.

13)   T or F: Direct exposure (non-screen) film is duplitized film.

14)   Duplicating film is different from other film how?

15)   T or F: the humidity for storing film must be between 60-90% and the temperature must be below 86 degrees F.

Answers

1)      Super coat, emulsion, adhesive, base, adhesive, emulsion, super coat

2)      False – Polyester

3)      Blue dye

4)      Crossover effect

5)      Gelatin and silver halide crystals

6)      True

7)      Latent, Manifest

8)      Indirect, as size goes up resolution goes down

9)      Panchromatic, orthochromatic

10)   Three

11)   Positive

12)   True, but radiation exposure is extremely high so they are very rarely used anymore

13)   False, they are designed to use mainly x-ray photons not light photons so double emulsion film would not work.

14)   It is pre-exposed and chemically fogged to D-Max by the manufacturer.  Any further exposure will cause the film to actually lose density.

15)   First part false (should be 30-60%), second part True

1)      A Grid is used to improve contrast by _______.

2)      Scatter increases and Contrast is impaired as KVP ________.

3)      T or F -Scatter decreases with increasing volume of tissue being radiated AND decreases with increased atomic number of the tissue.

4)      T of F – A 12:1 grid ratio will absorb more scatter than an 8:1.

5)      ________ Grids are more commonly used because they allow for tube angulations.

6)      T of F – A focused grid with lower grid ratios has a greater latitude than higher grid ratios

7)      A focused grid has a point where all of the lead strips would intersect if they were extended this line is called ______  _______.

8)      When the grids leads strips are absorbing the primary beam as a result of bad tube angulations you get ______ ______.

9)      T or F – Parallel grids work better at short distances than long distances.

10)   Grids that absorb a greater percentage of scatter than primary radiation are said to have a greater ________

11)   K-Factor is a formula used to measure the contrast improving ability of a grid, the higher the K-factor the ________ the contrast improvement.

12)   T or F – A parallel grid will be as effective if you accidently used it upside down.

13)   The _____ ______ is another method of reducing scatter if a grid is unable to be used

Answers

1) Absorbing Scatter

2) Increases

3) First part False it increases, second part True

4) True

5) Linear

6) True

7) Convergence Line

8) Grid Cutoff

9) False, Because of the divergence of the beam, its best at long SID

10) Selectivity

11) Better

12) True

13)Air-gap Technique

1)      The primary film/screen unit of resolution is ______ _____ ___ ___________.

2)      In digital imaging spatial resolution is determined by 3 things; matrix size, pixel size, and _______ _____ _____ _____.

3)      T or F: Spatial frequency is one way to measure recorded detail in a digital system.  A shorter wavelength is a high resolution as opposed to a long wavelength which is low resolution.

4)      _______ _______ _______ is another way to measure resolution it measures the information lost between the patient and the image receptor.  A perfect transmission of information would be 1.0

5)      T or F: Recorded detail is one of 2 photographic properties of image quality.

6)      ______ is background information that is picked up by the image receptor

7)      _________ or unsharpness around the image can be mathematically calculated using what formula?

8)      ________ is the best way to prevent voluntary motion.

9)      ________ is the best way to prevent involuntary motion.

10)   In this problem I will give you a parameter and you must say when it increases does it increase or decrease spatial resolution

A) SID

B) OID

C) FSS

Film Screen

                1) Phosphor size

                2) Layer thickness

                3) Packing density

Answers

1)      Line pairs per millimeter

2)      Gray scale bit depth

3)      True

4)      Modulation Transfer Function

5)      F, it is a geometric property

6)      Noise

7)      Penumbra p=(FSSxOID)/SOD

8)      Communication

9)      Fast Exposure Time

10)   A) Increases

B) Decreases

C) Decreases

1) Decreases

2) Decreases

3) Increases

1)      Intensifying screens main purpose is to ______ ______ ______.

2)      The layer of the screen that can redirect light towards the film is called the _______ layer.  This layer can nearly double the amount of light hitting the film.

3)      ______ ______ is a measurement of how well phosphors emit light per x-ray photon.

4)      __________ is the ability of a material to emit light.

5)      A normal intensifying screen will last ______ ______ years.

6)      _______ _______ phosphors are now used almost exclusively because that have a much greater conversion efficiency and DQE.

7)      Three factors that impact screen resolution are phosphor crystal size, packing density, and _______ _______.

8)      Phosphor crystal size and layer thickness are _________ related to resolution.

9)      T or F: Packing density is inversely related to resolution.

10)   ________ _______ is caused by an insufficient quantity of photons hitting the intensifying screen.

11)   Which screen is more sensitive to light photons, The top screen or the bottom screen?

12)   Which film screen speed will produce the most dose to the patient, A 400RS or a 200 RS?

Answers

1)      Reduce Patient Dose

2)      Reflective

3)      Conversion Efficiency

4)      Luminescence

5)      5-7

6)      Rare Earth

7)      Layer Thickness

8)      Inversely

9)      False, the greater the packing density the smaller the crystals which will raise resolution

10)   Quantum Moddle

11)   Bottom

12)   200RS

1)      A _______ is a device that measures the amount of blackening on a film.

2)      A _______ is used to produce a uniform optical step wedge on a film.  This is done using light photons, not x-ray photons.

3)      List the five stages of a D log E curve.

4)      The ability to block or stop the transmission of light on a film is called ________.

5)      The optical density range is 0.0 to _______ but diagnostic radiography is best within the range of ________ to ________.

6)      A .3 change in optical density changes your opacity by a factor of 2.  What does it change if you change your optical density by a factor of 1?

7)      T or F: Once D Max is reached it is possible to lose density exposing the film to more radiation?

8)      A ________ relationship exists between silver halide crystal size and film resolution.

9)      The speed point of a film is where and OD value of ______ + base + fog is achieved.

10)   Film speed and the thickness of the emulsion layer are _______ related.

11)   Latitude and Contrast are _______ related.

12)   ________ is the primary characteristic of film that deals with how accurate the image recorded and is measured with line pairs.

13)   The contrast is determined by the slope of a straight line portion.  The slope of any point on the straight line can be measured, these points are called ________ points.

Answers

1)      Densitometer

2)      Sensitometer

3)      B + F, Toe, Straight line, Shoulder, D Max

4)      Opactiy

5)      4, .5-1.5

6)      By a factor of 10

7)      True

8)      Inverse

9)      1.0

10)   Directly

11)   Inversely

12)   Resolution

13)   Gradient

1)      The charge of the cathode side of the tube is ________.

2)      The filaments which are located within the focusing cup are made of _______.

3)      T or F:  mA is applied to the anode to cause thermionic emission.

4)      What are the 3 main reasons you use tungsten as the target material?

5)      T or F:  The larger the actual focal spot the larger the effective focal spot.

6)      Because of the anode heel effect, radiation intensity is greatest on the ______ _______.

7)      Is the anode heel effect more prominent at short or long SID’s?

8)      T or F: The rotor is located within the envelope and is composed of electromagnets which turn the stator.

9)      The envelope is made of ______ glass.

10)   Leakage radiation from the protective housing must not exceed _____ mR/hr at 1 meter

Answers

1)      Negative

2)      Tungsten

3)      F, It is applied to the cathode

4)      High atomic number, High melting point, High thermal conductivity

5)      True

6)      Cathode side

7)      Short

8)      First part true, second part false, the stator has the magnets which turn the rotor

9)      Pyrex

10)   100 mr/hr