When positioning for a waters which line should be parallel with the CR. Also when critiqueing the radiograph where should the petreous ridges be placed.
Answer: the mentomeatal line (MML) should be parallel with the CR and when looking at the radiograph the petreous ridges should be just below the maxillary sinuses.
How much do you oblique a patient when positioning for sacroiliac joints? Also is the side of interest elevated or down on the table?
Answer: The patient must be obliqued 25-30 degrees for posterior obliques. Also the side that is elevated is the side where the SI joint is opened.
Trauma Lateral Hip and Pelvis (Danelius-Miller Method)
IR size: 14×17 inches
Shielding: Shield gonadal area when possible, but do not obscure view of the hip.
Patient Position: Patient must be in supine.
Part Position: Flex unaffected leg so that it is up out of the way and out of the collation field. You may be able to rest the unaffected leg on the collmator but make sure it is cool to the touch to prevent burning the patient. Place cassette so it is just superior to the iliac crest and then make sure it is parallel to the femoral neck and perpendicular to the CR.
Central Ray: perpendicular o the femoral neck.
SID: 40
Collimation: Collimate on all 4 sides but ensure you include orthopedic hardware when present.
Respiration: patient should hold respiration during exposure.
DO NOT ATTEMPT THIS POSITION IF YOU SUSPECT A FRACTURE
Lateral Hip and Proximal Femur (Frog Leg)
IR size: 14×17 inches
Shielding: Shield gonadal area when possible, but do not obscure view of the hip.
Patient Position: Instruct patient to lay supine.
Part Position: Flex knee of affected leg 90 degrees. Then abduct the leg 40-45 degrees from vertical.
Central Ray: Center 3 inches below the ASIS. Be sure to include orthopedic equipment if present.
SID: 40
Collimation: Collimate on all 4 sides but ensure you include orthopedic hardware when present.
Respiration: patient should hold respiration during exposure.
AP Hip and Proximal Femur
IR size: 14×17 inches
Shielding: Shield gonadal area when possible, but do not obscure view of the hip.
Patient Position: Instruct patient to lay supine. With leg fully extended in an AP position.
Part Position: Ensure foot and ankle are in AP positions. If no fracture is suspected rotate the affected leg inward 15-20 degrees.
Central Ray: Center 1 to 2 inches distal to the femoral neck. Be sure to include orthopedic equipment if present.
SID: 40
Collimation: Collimate on all 4 sides but ensure you include orthopedic hardware when present.
Respiration: patient should hold respiration during exposure.
How many bones make up the calvaria?
A: The calvaria is just another name for the skullcap 4 bones form this structure- frontal, two parietal, and occipital.
What happens to density as collimation increases?
A: Density will decrease because there are less photons hitting the IR. Remember you can not focus the x-ray beam.
Lateral Femur
IR size: 14×17 inches
Shielding: Lead shield around waist
Patient Position: Instruct patient to lay lateral recumbent
Part Position: Place unaffected leg behind the affected leg to prevent over rotation. Flex knee of affected leg 45 degrees and ensure leg is in a true lateral position
Central Ray: Center at midpoint of leg ensure you have knee joint on the film and get as much of the femur as possible
SID: 40 inches
Collimation: Collimate to lateral skin margins.
Respiration: patient does not hold respiration.
AP Lower Leg
IR size: 14×17 inches
Shielding: Lead shield around waist
Patient Position: Instruct patient to lay supine. With leg fully extended in an AP position.
Part Position: Ensure foot and ankle are in AP positions
Central Ray: Center at midpoint of leg ensure you have both the ankle and knee joints on there. You may need to put the IR diAgonally to fit parts in a single film
SID: 40-48 inches
Collimation: Collimate to lateral skin margins, include both joints
Respiration: patient does not hold respiration.
Sunrise Patella
IR size: 10×12 inches
Shielding: Lead shield around waist
Patient Position: Instruct patient to lay supine on the table.
Part Position: Ensure no rotation of the pelvis and flex legs 45 degrees.
Central Ray: Angle CR 15 degrees upshot and palpate the knee to find the patellar joint space. Place the cassette on the thighs oh the patient and angle it to be perpendicular to the CR. You may need to use sponges and tape to hold it in place.
SID: 40 inches
Collimation: Collimate tightly on all sides of the patella
Respiration: patient does not hold respiration.
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